Containers run with read-only root filesystem where permitted

A writable root filesystem allows malware dropped into a container to persist — modified binaries, installed backdoors, and written cron jobs survive across request handling even if the attacker's initial vector closes. NIST 800-53 CM-7 requires containers to provide only essential functionality. CIS Kubernetes 5.2.3 mandates read-only root filesystems for stateless workloads. Most stateless API servers and web frontends have zero legitimate need to write to the root filesystem at runtime — only log paths and temp directories require writability, and both can be served by emptyDir volumes.

Enable readOnlyRootFilesystem: true and mount emptyDir volumes for any paths the application writes to. In your Deployment manifest:

containers:
  - name: app
    securityContext:
      readOnlyRootFilesystem: true
    volumeMounts:
      - name: tmp-dir
        mountPath: /tmp
      - name: log-dir
        mountPath: /var/log/app
volumes:
  - name: tmp-dir
    emptyDir: {}
  - name: log-dir
    emptyDir: {}

Verify the application starts cleanly with this setting before rolling to production — some frameworks write PID files or session caches to paths that need explicit emptyDir mounts.

• ID: infrastructure-hardening.access-control-rbac.read-only-filesystem

• Severity: medium

• What to look for: Count all container definitions in Kubernetes manifests and for each, check whether securityContext.readOnlyRootFilesystem: true is set. For containers with read-only filesystems, verify that writable mount points (emptyDir volumes for /tmp or /var/log) are configured for paths that need write access.

• Pass criteria: At least 80% of containers have readOnlyRootFilesystem: true configured in their securityContext, with writable emptyDir volumes mounted for any paths that require write access (at minimum /tmp). Report: "X of Y containers use read-only root filesystem."

• Fail criteria: Any stateless container allows write access to the root filesystem when the application does not require it — most stateless web services and API servers can run read-only.

• Skip (N/A) when: The application legitimately requires write access to the root filesystem (e.g., database, legacy application).

• Detail on fail: Quote the Deployment name. Example: "Deployment 'web-app' lacks readOnlyRootFilesystem: true. Stateless web application could run with read-only root."

• Remediation: Enable read-only root filesystem for applications that do not require write access:

  securityContext:
    readOnlyRootFilesystem: true
  volumeMounts:
    - name: tmp
      mountPath: /tmp
    - name: logs
      mountPath: /var/log
  volumes:
    - name: tmp
      emptyDir: {}
    - name: logs
      emptyDir: {}